Systems in the 2018 version of the
Noble Metal Alloy Database
A further 17 binary systems and 8 ternary systems have already been included in the SG2014 version 2014 of The Noble Metal Alloy Database. The total number of binary and ternary systems for which assessed thermodynamic data are available is now 222 and 126 respectively. As for the previous upgrade of the database in 2014, the system content is due, in large part, to the use of three major sources of information, namely
- Handbook of Ternary Alloy Phase Diagrams, eds. P. Villars, A. Prince, H.
Okamoto, ASM, 1997.
- Ternary Alloys, eds. G. Petzow, G. Effenberg, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Vols.1-3, (1988,1990).
- The calculation model for enthalpies of formation, due to X.-Q. Chen and
R. Podloucky (CALPHAD 30 (2006) 266-269), which is based on a revised
Miedema method in combination with ab initio results.
Use of these resources has enabled the general scarcity of experimental thermodynamic information for many noble metal systems to be compensated, while retaining a reasonable level of reliability of the resulting assessments.
It is also emphasized, that the database is compatible with assessments for noble metal-containing systems, originating from work carried out within the framework of COST Action 531, Lead-Free Solders. This Action resulted in an Atlas of Phase Diagrams for Lead-Free Soldering compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa,
J. Vrestal, A. Zemanova, and J. Vizdal, published in 2008 by the European Science Foundation.
To allow completion of ternary alloy assessments, the data for relevant binary systems have been taken from the 2011 Version of the SGTE Solution Database. For nearly all of the new binary and ternary systems in this 2014 update, original assessment work was required.
It should be emphasized that experimental data for ternary alloy systems often relate to a single temperature and/or to a particular composition range. In such cases, the derived ternary parameters may not be reliable for calculations over ranges of temperature and composition much outside the experimental ranges. Results from such calculations should be viewed with considerable caution.
In 2018, all systems have been recalculated and checked for consistency. For some systems, both the pure elements in solid state and the corresponding solution phase had to activated simultaneously to obtain correct phase diagrams. For other systems artificial phase stabilities were observed upon activating the pure elements and the corresponding solution phases at the same time.
To solve this conflict, in the 2018 version the solution phases now contain all elements corresponding their stable states in pure form. Where necessary, additional solution phases have been introduced, as for C (GRAPHITE), which shows solubility for several further elements. An exception is pure tellurium (Te), hexagonal_a8 being the stable state at standard conditions. For latter, no solubility for other elements has been modeled so far. The Gibbs energy functions of the pure elements in the stoichiometric phases and the solution phases have been checked for compliance. In consequence correct phase diagrams are obtained, when the pure elements are unselected.
The data in the noble metal alloy database originate from a collaboration between
The Spencer Group Inc., Trumansburg, NY, USA and
GTT-Technologies, Herzogenrath, Germany.
The database contains evaluated thermodynamic parameters for the noble metals
alloyed amongst themselves and also, for individual noble metals, in alloys with the metals
Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, C, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Dy, Fe, Ge, Hf, In, Mg, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ni, Pb, Re, Sb, Si, Sn, Ta, Tc, Te, Ti, Tl, V, W, Zn, Zr.
The evaluated parameters in the Noble Metal Alloys Database are based on data collected from publications and internal project reports or have been assessed as part of the development of the database.
In only a few cases are the assessed parameters based on a large amount of experimental information. For many systems, very few, or even no thermodynamic measurements are available. This has necessitated use of published phase boundary information only, with a combination of estimated and optimized mixing parameters to provide a thermodynamic description of the systems concerned. For some inter-noble metal alloys, where complete ranges of solid and liquid solutions are observed, the descriptions should still be fairly reliable. For others, while a reasonable phase diagram description may have been obtained, the thermodynamic values (i.e. enthalpies and entropies) for the different phases may have large errors associated with them.
Specific information on each alloy system can be obtained from the list of references below.
Noble metals and their alloys have a wide variety of applications, and calculations of relevant phase equilibria in a particular case are important e.g. for optimizing suitable alloy compositions or predicting reaction products in chemically aggressive environments.
Some examples of noble metal alloy use are:
q Jewelry and decoration
q Electronic components; micro-electronic contact materials
q Solders and brazes
q Dental alloys
q Fission products
q Catalysts
q New minority alloy components, e.g. in turbine alloys
q Scientific equipment, e.g. thermocouples, crucibles, calorimeters
Because of their value, noble metal alloys undergo extensive recycling. For this reason, information on dilute ranges of impurity elements in precious metals is important with respect to different methods of refining. Among such methods are oxygen refining and some use of halogens. In such cases, the database should be used in conjunction with the SGTE Pure Substances Database to take into account relevant condensed and gaseous oxides and halides.
The database will often be used with one of the noble metals as major component, but in a number of applications, large concentrations of alloying elements are present. For this reason, and whenever possible, the assessed parameters in the noble metal alloys database cover the entire composition range of the alloys involved (see below for information on relevant ranges for specific alloys). Although ternary interaction parameters are now available for a large number of ternary systems, as stated above, caution must often be exercised in carrying out ternary calculations over wider ranges of temperature and composition. The information provided for a particular ternary should be read carefully before carrying out calculations for that system. In particular, it must be realized that calculation of phase boundaries in higher-order systems by combination of binary alloy data only may give very unreliable results.
In a binary system, if no assessed mixing parameters are available for a particular phase, the phase will be treated as ideal. Correspondingly, the properties of a ternary or higher-order phase will be calculated applying the appropriate models used in the database. This procedure may give useful results if the alloy compositions in question are close to a pure component or to a binary edge for which assessed data are available. However, results of calculations for other composition ranges should be treated with extreme caution.
Most of the binary alloy systems have been assessed over the entire composition range. Ranges of composition accessible to ternary calculations are clarified by the ternary sections included with the phase diagram figures.
For binary alloys, the database is generally valid for the temperature range 300oC to 2500oC, although phase boundaries and thermodynamic properties measured at lower temperatures may not correspond to the equilibrium state of the alloy, even after very long annealing times. Ranges of temperature accessible to ternary calculations are clarified by the ternary sections included with the phase diagram figures.
The database makes use of the SGTE Pure Element Data and, as such, is compatible with other SGTE Solution and Application Databases as well as the SGTE Pure Substance database.
In the assessments, the liquid phase has been described, in all but one case, using a simple substitutional solution model based on the Redlich-Kister-Muggianu polynomial expression. The exception is the Pd-Si system, for which an associated solution model has been used for the liquid phase. Some solid phases with narrow ranges of composition have been simplified to compounds with no compositional variation. Others have been modeled applying the compound energy formalism using several sublattices.
Ownership of the Noble Metal Alloy Database belongs to The Spencer Group and GTT-Technologies.
For questions relating to the data, please contact Dr. Philip Spencer at The Spencer Group Inc. – Tel. (1)-607-387-4038; FAX (1)-607-387-4039,
or
Dr. Klaus Hack at GTT-Technologies – Tel. (49)-2407-59533; FAX (49)-2407-59661.
The Spencer Group Inc. and GTT-Technologies assumes no responsibility for the validity of results from a calculation using data from the noble metal alloy database and is not liable for any damage or loss, subsequential or otherwise, caused by the application of results.
(Systems in red have a noble metal component)
Al-As Al-Au Al-Bi Al-Cr Al-Ge Al-In Al-Ir Al-Mg Al-Pb Al-Pt
Al-Ru Al-Si Al-Sn Al-Ti Al-Zn
Au-B Au-Be Au-Bi Au-Ce Au-Co Au-Cr Au-Cu Au-Fe Au-Ge
Au-Hf Au-In Au-Ir Au-Mo Au-Ni Au-Pb Au-Pd Au-Pt Au-Rh
Au-Ru Au-Sb Au-Si Au-Sn Au-Ta Au-Te Au-Ti Au-Tl Au-Zn
Au-Zr
B-Pt
Bi-Cu Bi-Pb Bi-Pd Bi-Pt Bi-Sb Bi-Si Bi-Sn Bi-Zn
Ce-Pt
Co-Cu Co-Fe Co-Ni Co-Pd Co-Pt Co-Ru Co-Sn
Cr-Cu Cr-Ni Cr-Pd Cr-Pt Cr-Rh Cr-Ru
Cu-Fe Cu-Ge Cu-In Cu-Ir Cu-Mg Cu-Mn Cu-Ni Cu-Pb Cu-Pd Cu-Pt Cu-Rh Cu-Ru Cu-Sb Cu-Sn Cu-Ti Cu-Zn
Ge-Pt Ge-Si
In-Pb In-Pd In-Pt In-Rh In-Sb In-Sn In-Zn
Ir-Ni Ir-Os Ir-Pd Ir-Pt Ir-Rh Ir-Ru
Mg-Pd Mg-Ru Mg-Zn
Mo-Ni Mo-Pd Mo-Rh Mo-Ru Mo-Si Mo-Tc
Nb-Pd
Ni-Pd Ni-Pt Ni-Ru Ni-Si Ni-Sn
Pb-Pd Pb-Pt Pb-Rh Pb-Sb Pb-Si Pb-Sn Pb-Zn
Si-Sn
Sn-Zn
(Noble metal components are in red)
Ag-Al-Au Ag-Al-Bi Ag-Al-In Ag-Al-Mg Ag-Al-Pb
Ag-Al-Si Ag-Al-Sn Ag-Al-Ti Ag-Al-Zn
Ag-Au-Bi Ag-Au-Co Ag-Au-Cu Ag-Au-Ge Ag-Au-Ni
Ag-Au-Pb Ag-Au-Pd Ag-Au-Pt Ag-Au-Sb Ag-Au-Si
Ag-Au-Sn Ag-Au-Zn
Ag-Bi-Cu Ag-Bi-Pb Ag-Bi-Sn Ag-Bi-Zn
Ag-Co-Pd
Ag-Cr-Pd
Ag-Cu-Fe Ag-Cu-Ge Ag-Cu-In Ag-Cu-Mg Ag-Cu-Mn
Ag-Cu-Ni Ag-Cu-Pb Ag-Cu-Sb Ag-Cu-Sn Ag-Cu-Ti Ag-Cu-Zn
Ag-Fe-Mn Ag-Fe-Ni Ag-Fe-Pd Ag-Fe-Si
Ag-Ge-Si
Ag-In-Pd Ag-In-Sb Ag-In-Sn
Ag-Pb-Sb Ag-Pb-Sn Ag-Pb-Zn
Ag-Pd-Pt Ag-Pd-Rh Ag-Pd-Ru Ag-Pd-Sn Ag-Pd-Ti
Ag-Sb-Sn
Ag-Sn-Zn
Al-As-Au
Al-Au-Si Al-Au-Sn Al-Au-Ti
Al-Cr-Ru
Au-Bi-Sb Au-Bi-Si Au-Bi-Sn
Au-Co-Cu Au-Co-Ni Au-Co-Pd
Au-Cu-Ni Au-Cu-Pb Au-Cu-Sn
Au-Fe-Ni
Au-Ge-Si
Au-In-Pb Au-In-Sb Au-In-Sn
Au-Mo-Pd
Au-Ni-Pd Au-Ni-Pt Au-Ni-Sn
Au-Pb-Si Au-Pb-Sn
Au-Si-Sn
Co-Cu-Pd
Co-Fe-Pd
Co-Ni-Ru
Cr-Cu-Pd
Cr-Ni-Pd Cr-Ni-Ru
Cu-Fe-Pd
Cu-Ni-Pd Cu-Ni-Pt Cu-Ni-Ru
Dy-Fe-Pt
Fe-Ir-Os Fe-Ir-Ru Fe-Ni-Pd Fe-Ni-Pt Fe-Ni-Ru
Mo-Ni-Pd
Mo-Pd-Rh Mo-Pd-Ru Mo-Pd-Si Mo-Pd-Tc
Mo-Rh-Ru Mo-Rh-Tc
Ni-Pd-Si
Pb-Pd-Sn
Pd-Pt-Ru Pd-Pt-Sn Pd-Pt-Ti Pd-Rh-Ru
(Noble metal components are in red)
Au-Pd-Pt-Sn
Ag-Al: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
S.S. Lim, P.L. Rossiter, J.W. Tibbals, Calphad 19 (1995) 131-142.
Ag-Au: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
COST 531 Lead-Free Solders, Atlas of phase diagrams for lead-free soldering
compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, A. Zemanova, J.
Vizdal, European Science Foundation, 2008.
Ag-B: from SGTE2011; Data for the Ag-B system are from an unpublished
assessment by Korb (2004) supplied by GTT to SGTE in 2005.
Ag-Ba: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
Thermodata (Grenoble) assessment, 2005.
Ag-Be: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
GTT-Technologies (Herzogenrath), 2005.
Ag-Bi: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
COST 531 Lead-Free Solders, Atlas of phase diagrams for lead-free soldering
compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, A. Zemanova, J.
Vizdal, European Science Foundation, 2008.
Ag-C: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
J. Korb, GTT-Technologies, 2004.
Ag-Ca: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
Thermodata (Grenoble) assessment, 2005.
Ag-Cd: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
Thermodata (Grenoble), 2005
Ag-Ce: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
Thermodata (Grenoble), 2005.
Ag-Co: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is based on
I. Karakaya, W.T. Thompson, Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams, 7(3), Jun.1986.
Ag-Cr: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
J. Korb, GTT-Technolgies, 2004.
Ag-Cu: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
COST 531 Lead-Free Solders, Atlas of phase diagrams for lead-free soldering
compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, A. Zemanova, J.
Vizdal, European Science Foundation, 2008.
Ag-Fe: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
J. Korb, GTT-Technologies, 2004.
Ag-Ge: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
P.Y. Chevalier, Thermochimica Acta 130 (1988) 25-32.
Ag-In: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
COST 531 Lead-Free Solders, Atlas of phase diagrams for lead-free soldering
compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, A. Zemanova, J.
Vizdal, European Science Foundation, 2008.
Ag-Ir: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
P.J. Spencer, 1998; based on I. Karakaya and W.T. Thompson,
Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams 7 (1986) 359.
Ag-Mg: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
P.J. Spencer, July 1998.
Ag-Mn: from SGTE2011
Ag-Mo: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
GTT-Technologies (Herzogenrath), 2005.
Ag-Nb: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
GTT-Technologies (Herzogenrath), 2005.
Ag-Ni: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
COST 531 Lead-Free Solders, Atlas of phase diagrams for lead-free soldering
compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, A. Zemanova, J.
Vizdal, European Science Foundation, 2008.
Ag-Os: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
P.J. Spencer, 1998; based on I. Karakaya and W.T. Thompson,
Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams 7 (1986) 361.
Ag-Pb: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
COST 531 Lead-Free Solders, Atlas of phase diagrams for lead-free soldering
compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, A. Zemanova, J.
Vizdal, European Science Foundation, 2008.
Ag-Pd: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
COST 531 Lead-Free Solders, Atlas of phase diagrams for lead-free soldering
compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, A. Zemanova, J.
Vizdal, European Science Foundation, 2008.
Ag-Pt: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
P.J. Spencer, 1998, based on I.Karakaya and W.T.Thompson,
Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams 8 (1987) 334.
Ag-Rh: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
P.J. Spencer, 1998, based on I.Karakaya and W.T.Thompson,
Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams 7 (1986) 362.
Ag-Ru: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
P.J. Spencer, 1998, based on I. Karakaya and W.T. Thompson,
Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams 7 (1986) 367.
Ag-Sb: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
COST 531 Lead-Free Solders, Atlas of phase diagrams for lead-free soldering
compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, A. Zemanova, J.
Vizdal, European Science Foundation, 2008.
Ag-Si: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
P.Y. Chevalier, Thermochimica Acta 113 (1988) 33-41.
Ag-Sn: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
COST 531 Lead-Free Solders, Atlas of phase diagrams for lead-free soldering
compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, A. Zemanova, J.
Vizdal, European Science Foundation, 2008.
Ag-Ti: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
P.J. Spencer, July 1998, based on J.Murray, Bull.Alloy Phase
Diagrams 4 (1983) 178.
Ag-Tl: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
H.L.Lukas, reassessment based on Zimmerman thesis, MPI, Stuttgart, 1976.
Ag-V: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
GTT-Technologies (Herzogenrath), 2005.
Ag-W: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
GTT-Technologies (Herzogenrath), 2005.
Ag-Zn: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
COST 531 Lead-Free Solders, Atlas of phase diagrams for lead-free soldering
compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, A. Zemanova, J.
Vizdal, European Science Foundation, 2008.
Ag-Zr: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
P.J. Spencer, 1998; based on I.Karakaya and W.T.Thompson,
J. Phase Equilibria 13 (1992) 143.
Al-Au: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
J L Murray, H Okamoto, T B Massalski, Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams
8 (1987) 20-30; modified by A.T. Dinsdale to take account of SGTE unary data
and to prevent high temperature stability of the fcc phase; further amendment
by GTT of DHF(AlAu) from –61571.07 J/mol to -61731.07 J/mol.
Al-Ir: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
T. Abe, C. Kocer, M. Ode, H. Murakami, Y. Yamabe-Mitarai, K. Hashimoto,
H. Onodera, CALPHAD 32 (2008) 686-692.
Al-Pt: from SGTE2011
Al-Ru: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
P.J. Spencer (2008), based on work from Thermodata (Grenoble), 2005 and
R. Suess, A. Watson, L.A. Cornish, D.N. Compton,
J. Alloys and Compounds, 2008.
As-Au: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
P.J. Spencer, June 1998.
As-Pd: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2004; approximate phase diagram and
validity range for XPd > 0.7 only.
As-Pt: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2004; validity range for XPt > 0.3 only.
Au-B: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
Thermodata (Grenoble), 2005.
Au-Be: P.J. Spencer, The Spencer Group 2013, simplified description.
Au-Bi: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
C. Servant, E. Zoro, B. Legendre, CALPHAD 30 (2006) 443-448
Au-Ce: P.J.Spencer, The Spencer Group 2013.
Au-Co: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
GTT-Technologies (Herzogenrath), 2005.
Au-Cr: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
P.J. Spencer, June 1998.
Au-Cu: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
B. Sundman, S.G. Fries, W.A. Oates, Calphad 22 (1998) 335-354:
Assessment with only parameters for the disordered phases.
Au-Fe: P.J.Spencer, The Spencer Group 2013.
Au-Ge: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
P.Y. Chevalier, Thermochimica Acta 141 (1989) 217-226.
Au-Hf: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
Thermodata (Grenoble), 2005.
Au-In: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
COST 531 Lead-Free Solders, Atlas of phase diagrams for lead-free soldering
compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, A. Zemanova, J.
Vizdal, European Science Foundation, 2008.
Au-Ir: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
Enthalpies of formation were obtained using the method of X.-Q. Chen and R.
Podloucky (CALPHAD 30 (2006) 266-269), which is based on a revised
Miedema method in combination with ab initio results.
Au-Mo: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
Au-Ni: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
J. Wang, X.-G. Lu, B. Sundman, X. Su, CALPHAD 29 (2005) 263-268.
Au-Pb: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
COST 531 Lead-Free Solders, Atlas of phase diagrams for lead-free soldering
compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, A. Zemanova, J.
Vizdal, European Science Foundation, 2008.
Au-Pd: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
COST 531 Lead-Free Solders, Atlas of phase diagrams for lead-free soldering
compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, A. Zemanova, J.
Vizdal, European Science Foundation, 2008.
Au-Pt: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
P.J. Spencer, 1994.
Au-Rh: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
P.J. Spencer, June 1998.
Au-Ru: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
P.J. Spencer, June 1998.
Au-Sb: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
COST 531 Lead-Free Solders, Atlas of phase diagrams for lead-free soldering
compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, A. Zemanova, J.
Vizdal, European Science Foundation, 2008.
Au-Si: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
P.Y. Chevalier (THERMODATA), private communication to SGTE, July, 1998.
Au-Sn: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
COST 531 Lead-Free Solders, Atlas of phase diagrams for lead-free soldering
compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, A. Zemanova, J.
Vizdal, European Science Foundation, 2008.
Au-Ta: P.J. Spencer, The Spencer Group 2013, simplified description.
Au-Te: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
Y. Feutelais, D. Mounai, J.R. Didry, B. Legendre, J.Phase Equilib.
15 (1994) 380: Data for the AuTe2 phase modified by A.T.Dinsdale.
Au-Ti: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
K. Hack, GTT-Technologies,1996: based on J.Murray, Bull.Alloy Phase
Diagrams 4 (1983) 278. Au2Ti modified to stabilize to room temperature.
Au-Tl: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
P.Y. Chevalier, Thermochimica Acta 155 (1989) 211-225.
Au-Zn: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
COST 531 Lead-Free Solders, Atlas of phase diagrams for lead-free soldering
compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, A. Zemanova, J.
Vizdal, European Science Foundation, 2008.
Au-Zr: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
X. Su, F Yin, Z Li and Y Shi, Z. Metallkd., 91 (2000) 744-747.
B-Pt: P.J. Spencer, The Spencer Group 2013, simplified description.
Ba-Ru: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
Thermodata (Grenoble), 2005.
Bi-Pd: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
COST 531 Lead-Free Solders, Atlas of phase diagrams for lead-free soldering
compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, A. Zemanova, J.
Vizdal, European Science Foundation, 2008.
Bi-Pt: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
C-Ir: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
GTT-Technologies (Herzogenrath), 2005.
C-Os: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
GTT-Technologies (Herzogenrath), 2005.
C-Pd: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
GTT-Technologies (Herzogenrath), 2005.
C-Pt: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
GTT-Technologies (Herzogenrath), 2005.
C-Rh: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
GTT-Technologies (Herzogenrath), 2005.
C-Ru: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
GTT-Technologies (Herzogenrath), 2005.
Ca-Pd: P.J.Spencer, The Spencer Group 2013.
Ca-Ru: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
Thermodata (Grenoble), 2005.
Ce-Pt: P.J. Spencer, The Spencer Group 2013, simplified description.
Co-Pd: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
G. Ghosh, C. Kantner, G.B. Olson, J.Phase Equilibria 20 (1999) 295-308.
Co-Pt: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
P.J. Spencer, December 2002.
Co-Ru: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Enthalpies of formation were obtained using the method of X.-Q. Chen and R.
Podloucky (CALPHAD 30 (2006) 266-269), which is based on a revised
Miedema method in combination with ab initio results.
Co-Sn: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Cr-Pd: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Cr-Pt: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
P.J. Spencer, 1998
Cr-Rh: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Enthalpies of formation were obtained using the method of X.-Q. Chen and R.
Podloucky (CALPHAD 30 (2006) 266-269), which is based on a revised
Miedema method in combination with ab initio results.
Cr-Ru: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
Thermodata (Grenoble), 2005.
Cu-Ir: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
GTT-Technologies (Herzogenrath), 2005.
Cu-Mn: from SGTE2011
Cu-Pd: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
COST 531 Lead-Free Solders, Atlas of phase diagrams for lead-free soldering
compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, A. Zemanova, J.
Vizdal, European Science Foundation, 2008.
Cu-Pt: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009, incorporating enthalpies of formation
from S.V. Meschel, O.J. Kleppa, J. Alloys and Compounds 350 (2003) 205-212,
and using the method of X.-Q. Chen and R. Podloucky (CALPHAD 30
(2006) 266-269), which is based on a revised Miedema method in combination
with ab initio results.
Cu-Rh: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Enthalpies of formation were obtained using the method of X.-Q. Chen and R.
Podloucky (CALPHAD 30 (2006) 266-269), which is based on a revised
Miedema method in combination with ab initio results.
Cu-Ru: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Dy-Pt: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Enthalpies of formation were obtained using the method of X.-Q. Chen and R.
Podloucky (CALPHAD 30 (2006) 266-269), which is based on a revised
Miedema method in combination with ab initio results.
Fe-Ir: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Enthalpies of formation were obtained using the method of X.-Q. Chen and R.
Podloucky (CALPHAD 30 (2006) 266-269), which is based on a revised
Miedema method in combination with ab initio results.
Fe-Mn: from SGTE2011
Fe-Os: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Enthalpies of formation were obtained using the method of X.-Q. Chen and R.
Podloucky (CALPHAD 30 (2006) 266-269), which is based on a revised
Miedema method in combination with ab initio results.
Fe-Pd: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
G. Ghosh, C. Kantner, G.B. Olson, J.Phase Equilibria 20 (1999) 295-308.
Fe-Pt: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2005.
Fe-Rh: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2005.
Fe-Ru: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
Thermodata (Grenoble), 2005.
Ge-Pt: P.J. Spencer, The Spencer Group 2013, simplified description.
In-Pd: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
COST 531 Lead-Free Solders, Atlas of phase diagrams for lead-free soldering
compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, A. Zemanova, J.
Vizdal, European Science Foundation, 2008.
In-Pt: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2004; based on calorimetric results for solid
alloys from W.Vogelbein, M.Ellner, B.Predel, Thermochim.Acta
44 (1981) 141-149, and for liquid alloys from P.Anres, M.Gaune-Escard,
E.Hayer, J.P.Bros, J.Alloys Compds. 221 (1995) 143-152; approximate phase
diagram and validity range for XPt > 0.7 only.
In-Rh: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2004; based on enthalpies of mixing for
liquid alloys from P.Anres, P.Fossati, M.Gaune-Escard, J.P.Bros,
J.Alloys Compds. 266 (1998) 241-246, and comparisons with the In-Pt system,
approximate phase diagram and validity range for XRh > 0.8 only.
Ir-Ni: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
GTT-Technologies (Herzogenrath) assessment, 2005.
Ir-Os: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Enthalpies of formation were obtained using the method of X.-Q. Chen and R.
Podloucky (CALPHAD 30 (2006) 266-269), which is based on a revised
Miedema method in combination with ab initio results.
Ir-Pd: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
P.J. Spencer, June 1998.
Ir-Pt: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
GTT-Technologies (Herzogenrath) 2005; amended by P.J.Spencer 2008.
Ir-Rh: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
GTT-Technologies (Herzogenrath), 2005.
Ir-Ru: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
GTT-Technologies (Herzogenrath), 2005.
Mg-Pd: P.J. Spencer, The Spencer Group 2013.
Mg-Ru: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
Thermodata (Grenoble), 2005.
Mo-Pd: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008, based on R.Guerler, J.N. Pratt
J. Alloys and Compounds 189 (1992) 97-100; M.H. Kaye, B.J. Lewis,
W.T. Thompson, R.M.C. Kingston, Ontario, Canada, 2007.
Mo-Rh: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008, based on M.H. Kaye, B.J. Lewis,
W.T. Thompson, R.M.C. Kingston, Ontario, Canada, 2007.
Mo-Ru: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
Mo-Tc : The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
Nb-Pd: P.J. Spencer, The Spencer Group 2013, simplified description.
Ni-Pd: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
COST 531 Lead-Free Solders, Atlas of phase diagrams for lead-free soldering
compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, A. Zemanova, J.
Vizdal, European Science Foundation, 2008.
Ni-Pt: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Enthalpies of formation were obtained using the method of X.-Q. Chen and R.
Podloucky (CALPHAD 30 (2006) 266-269), which is based on a revised
Miedema method in combination with ab initio results.
Ni-Ru: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
Thermodata (Grenoble), 2005.
Os-Pd: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Enthalpies of formation were obtained using the method of X.-Q. Chen and R.
Podloucky (CALPHAD 30 (2006) 266-269), which is based on a revised
Miedema method in combination with ab initio results.
Os-Pt: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Enthalpies of formation were obtained using the method of X.-Q. Chen and R.
Podloucky (CALPHAD 30 (2006) 266-269), which is based on a revised
Miedema method in combination with ab initio results.
Os-Re: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Enthalpies of formation were obtained using the method of X.-Q. Chen and R.
Podloucky (CALPHAD 30 (2006) 266-269), which is based on a revised
Miedema method in combination with ab initio results.
Os-Rh: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Enthalpies of formation were obtained using the method of X.-Q. Chen and R.
Podloucky (CALPHAD 30 (2006) 266-269), which is based on a revised
Miedema method in combination with ab initio results.
Os-Ru: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Enthalpies of formation were obtained using the method of X.-Q. Chen and R.
Podloucky (CALPHAD 30 (2006) 266-269), which is based on a revised
Miedema method in combination with ab initio results.
Pb-Pd: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
COST 531 Lead-Free Solders, Atlas of phase diagrams for lead-free soldering
compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, A. Zemanova, J.
Vizdal, European Science Foundation, 2008.
Pb-Pt: P.J. Spencer, The Spencer Group 2013, simplified description.
Pb-Rh: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Enthalpies of formation were obtained using the method of X.-Q. Chen and R.
Podloucky (CALPHAD 30 (2006) 266-269), which is based on a revised
Miedema method in combination with ab initio results.
Pd-Pt: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
K. Hack, GTT-Technologies, 1995.
Pd-Re: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Enthalpies of formation were obtained using the method of X.-Q. Chen and R.
Podloucky (CALPHAD 30 (2006) 266-269), which is based on a revised
Miedema method in combination with ab initio results.
Pd-Rh: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
GTT-Technologies (Herzogenrath), 2005.
Pd-Ru: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
P.J.Spencer, 1998; modified 2009.
Pd-Sb: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2004; experimental calorimetric data from
J.B.Darby, K.M.Myles, J.N.Pratt, Acta Met. 19 (1971) 7-14; approximate phase
diagram and validity range for XPd > 0.7 only.
Pd-Si: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009, using an associate solution model for
the liquid phase and incorporating enthalpies of formation from S.V. Meschel,
O.J. Kleppa, J. Alloys and Compounds 274 (1998) 193-200.
Pd-Sn: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
COST 531 Lead-Free Solders, Atlas of phase diagrams for lead-free soldering
compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, A. Zemanova, J.
Vizdal, European Science Foundation, 2008.
Pd-Tc: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008, based on M.H. Kaye, B.J. Lewis,
W.T. Thompson, R.M.C. Kingston, Ontario, Canada, 2007.
Pd-Ti: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
K. Hack, GTT-Technologies,1996, based on J.Murray,
Bull.Alloy Phase Diagrams 3 (1982) 329.
Pd-V: P.J. Spencer, The Spencer Group 2013, simplified description.
Pd-Zn: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
COST 531 Lead-Free Solders, Atlas of phase diagrams for lead-free soldering
compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, A. Zemanova, J.
Vizdal, European Science Foundation, 2008.
Pd-Zr: P.J. Spencer, The Spencer Group 2013, simplified description.
Pt-Re: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Enthalpies of formation were obtained using the method of X.-Q. Chen and R.
Podloucky (CALPHAD 30 (2006) 266-269), which is based on a revised
Miedema method in combination with ab initio results.
Pt-Rh: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
K.T.Jacob, S.Priya, Y.Waseda, Met.Mat.Trans.A, 29A (1998) 1545-1550.
Pt-Ru: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
P.J.Spencer, 1998.
Pt-Sb: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2004; estimated enthalpies of formation for
fcc, liquid and Pt5Sb, in conjunction with the phase diagram presented in The
Pauling File, Inorganic Materials Database and Design System, ed. P.Villars et
al., ASM, 2004; approximate phase diagram and validity range for XPt > 0.8
only.
Pt-Si: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009, incorporating enthalpies of formation
from S.V. Meschel, O.J. Kleppa, J. Alloys and Compounds 280 (1998) 231-239.
Pt-Ta: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
P.J. Spencer, June 1998.
Pt-Tc: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
Enthalpies of formation were obtained using the method of X.-Q. Chen and R.
Podloucky (CALPHAD 30 (2006) 266-269), which is based on a revised
Miedema method in combination with ab initio results.
Pt-Ti: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
K. Hack, GTT-Technologies, 1996, based on J.Murray, Bull.Alloy
Phase Diagrams 3 (1982) 321.
Pt-W: P.J. Spencer, The Spencer Group 2013, simplified description.
Pt-Zr: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2004; experimental calorimetric values are
available from Q.Guo, O.J.Kleppa, J.Alloys & Compounds 266 (1998) 224-229,
and from N.Selhaoui, J.C.Gachon, An.Fis., Ser.B 86 (1990) 57-59. Gibbs energy
data have been published by P.J.Meschter, W.L.Worrell, Met.Trans. 8A (1977)
503-09 and by H.J.Schaller, Ber. der Bunsenges. 80 (1976) 999-1002;
approximate phase diagram and validity range for XPt > 0.7 only.
(Even in the quoted validity range, the form of the ASM selected phase diagram
could not be reproduced by the assessment. Nevertheless, the thermodynamic
values calculated using the assessed data are thought to be reliable).
Re-Rh: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Enthalpies of formation were obtained using the method of X.-Q. Chen and R.
Podloucky (CALPHAD 30 (2006) 266-269), which is based on a revised
Miedema method in combination with ab initio results.
Re-Ru: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Enthalpies of formation were obtained using the method of X.-Q. Chen and R.
Podloucky (CALPHAD 30 (2006) 266-269), which is based on a revised
Miedema method in combination with ab initio results.
Rh-Ru: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
Rh-Sb: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2004; estimated enthalpies of formation for
the fcc, liquid and Rh2Sb phases, in conjunction with the uncertain phase
boundaries shown in the ASM selected phase diagram. However, the
solidus/liquidus curves are assumed here to be of similar form to those in the
Pt-Sb system; approximate phase diagram and validity range for
XRh > 0.6only.
Rh-Si: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009, incorporating enthalpies of formation
from S.V. Meschel, O.J. Kleppa, J. Alloys and Compounds 274 (1998) 193-200.
Rh-Sn: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2004; estimated enthalpies of formation for
the fcc, liquid and Rh2Sn phases, in conjunction with the uncertain phase
boundaries shown in the ASM selected phase diagram; approximate phase
diagram and validity range for XRh > 0.6only.
Rh-Tc: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Rh-Zr: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2004; The phase diagram used as basis for
the assessment is due to D.Aria, J.P.Abriata, J.Phase Equilib. 14 (1993) 110-117.
The enthalpies of formation of the compounds Rh3Zr, RhZr and RhZr2 has been
determined from high temperature calorimeter studies by J.L.Jorda, J.C.Gachon,
J.Charles, J.Hertz, J.Thermal Analysis 34 (1988) 551-557, and that of RhZr by
L.Topor, O.J.Kleppa, J.Less-Common Metals 155 (1989) 61-73 and by Q.Guo,
O.J.Kleppa, J.Alloys & Compounds 266 (1998) 224-229; approximate phase
diagram and validity range for XRh > 0.7only.
Ru-Si: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
Thermodata (Grenoble), 2005.
Ru-Tc: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Ru-Zr: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
Thermodata (Grenoble), 2005.
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
The calculated isothermal section at 500oC incorporates ternary parameters
for the Al2Au phase and gives good agreement with A. Prince,
G.V. Raynor, D.S. Evans, Phase Diagrams of Ternary Gold Alloys, The
Institute of Metals, London, (1990) pp. 2-3. Calculations for other
temperatures may be unreliable.
Ag-Al-Bi: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
The calculated isothermal section at 870oC incorporates ternary parameters
for the liquid phase and gives good agreement with G. Petzow,
G. Effenberg, Ternary Alloys, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Vol.3,
(1990), pp. 3-4. Calculations for other temperatures may be unreliable.
Ag-Al-In: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
The calculated partial isothermal section at 650oC and the calculated liquidus
projection incorporate ternary parameters for the bcc phase and give
satisfactory agreement with G. Petzow, G. Effenberg, Ternary Alloys,
VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Vol.3, (1990), pp. 25-31. Calculations
for other temperatures may be less reliable.
Ag-Al-Mg: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
Thermodynamic values have been derived for the AgAlMg phase and the
calculated section Ag0.5Mg0.5-Al incorporates ternary parameters for the
liquid, bcc and fcc phases to give reasonable agreement with G. Petzow,
G. Effenberg, Ternary Alloys, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Vol.3,
(1990), pp.33-42.
Ag-Al-Pb: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
Ternary parameters for the liquid phase have been derived to give good
agreement with the isothermal section at 1100oC and reasonable agreement
with the Ag-Ag0.633Al0.36Pb0.007 section as presented by G. Petzow,
G. Effenberg, Ternary Alloys, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Vol.3,
(1990), pp. 59-61.
.
Ag-Al-Si: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
Thermodynamic values have been derived for the Ag7Al2Si phase so as to
give good agreement with the 500oC isothermal section reported in
G. Petzow, G. Effenberg, Ternary Alloys, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft,
Weinheim, Vol.3, (1990), pp. 71-73. Calculations for other temperatures
may be unreliable.
Ag-Al-Sn: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the fcc and hcp phases to
give good agreement with the liquidus projection and the 25oC isothermal
section presented by G. Petzow, G. Effenberg, Ternary Alloys, VCH
Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Vol.3, (1990), pp. 74-79.
Ag-Al-Ti: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
The solubility of Ag In Al3Ti has been described and ternary parameters
have been derived for the liquid and bcc phases to give good general
agreement with isothermal sections between 800 and 1100 oC presented by
G. Petzow, G. Effenberg, Ternary Alloys, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft,
Weinheim, Vol.3, (1990), pp. 82-87.
Ag-Al-Zn: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
The calculated liquidus projection incorporates ternary parameters for the fcc
phase to give good agreement with G. Petzow, G. Effenberg, Ternary Alloys,
VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Vol.3, (1990), pp. 89-95.
Ag-Au-Bi: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
COST 531 Lead-Free Solders, Atlas of phase diagrams for lead-free
soldering compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, A.
Zemanova, J. Vizdal, European Science Foundation, 2008.
Ag-Au-Co: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the liquid phase to
give good agreement with the liquidus projection reported by A. Prince,
G.V. Raynor, D.S. Evans, Phase Diagrams of Ternary Gold Alloys, The
Institute of Metals, London, (1990) pp. 5-7.
Ag-Au-Cu: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the liquid and fcc phases to
give good agreement with the isothermal sections between 300 and 1000 oC,
and the liquidus projection reported by A. Prince, G.V. Raynor, D.S. Evans,
Phase Diagrams of Ternary Gold Alloys, The Institute of Metals, London,
(1990) pp. 7-42.
Ag-Au-Ge: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the liquid phase to
give good agreement with the phase equilibria between 400 and
1000 oC, and with the liquidus projection reported by G. Petzow,
G. Effenberg, Ternary Alloys, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Vol.1,
(1988), pp. 178-183.
Ag-Au-Ni: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the liquid phase to
give good agreement with the liquidus projection reported by A. Prince,
G.V. Raynor, D.S. Evans, Phase Diagrams of Ternary Gold Alloys, The
Institute of Metals, London, (1990) pp. 44-48.
Ag-Au-Pb: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
Ternary parameters for the liquid phase have been obtained from the
experimental results of S. Hassam and A. Gheribi, Thermochimica Acta
464 (2007) 1-6, who measured enthalpies of mixing of liquid alloys at
700 oC. The calculated liquidus projection is in good agreement with that
reported by A. Prince, G.V. Raynor, D.S. Evans, Phase Diagrams of
Ternary Gold Alloys, The Institute of Metals, London, (1990) pp. 47-52.
Ag-Au-Pd: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
Calculated sections and the calculated liquidus projection (no ternary
parameters) are in very good agreement with those reported by G. Petzow,
G. Effenberg, Ternary Alloys, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Vol.1,
(1988), pp. 195-202.
Ag-Au-Pt: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
Calculated sections and the calculated liquidus projection (no ternary
parameters) are in very good general agreement with those reported by
G. Petzow, G. Effenberg, Ternary Alloys, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft,
Weinheim, Vol.1, (1988), pp. 203-213.
Ag-Au-Sb: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
COST 531 Lead-Free Solders, Atlas of phase diagrams for lead-free
soldering compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, A.
Zemanova, J. Vizdal, European Science Foundation, 2008.
Ag-Au-Si: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the liquid phase to
give good agreement with the calorimetric results of S. Hassam and
M. Gaune-Escard, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 87 (1983) 785-792, and
with the phase equilibria between 300 and 1000 oC, and the liquidus
projection reported by G. Petzow, G. Effenberg, Ternary Alloys, VCH
Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Vol.1, (1988), pp. 224-238. The assessment
is also in good agreement with that presented by J. Wang, H. Liu, L. Liu,
Z. Jin, Trans. Non-ferrous Met. Soc. China, 17 (2007) 1405-1411.
Ag-Au-Sn: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the liquid phase to give good
agreement with the calorimetric results of Bros et al. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys.
Chem. 88 (1984) 663; Met. Trans. 19A (1988) 2075. Enthalpies of mixing
reported by Z. Li, M. Dallegri, S. Knott, J. Alloys and Compounds 453
(2008) 442-447 are slightly more exothermic. In addition, ternary
parameters derived for the fcc and hcp phases allow the phase equilibria
between 300 and 500oC, and the liquidus projection reported by G. Petzow,
G. Effenberg, Ternary Alloys, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Vol.1,
(1988), pp. 239-249 to be reproduced well. The present assessment of the
system is in close general agreement with that presented by J. Wang, H. Liu,
L. Liu, Z. Jin, CALPHAD 31 (2007) 545-552.
Ag-Au-Zn: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the liquid and fcc phases based on
very limited experimental information. The liquidus surface calculated using
these parameters should be viewed as providing qualitative rather than
quantitative information.
Ag-Bi-Cu: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the liquid phase to give reasonable
agreement with the liquidus reported by S. Liu, W. Sun, Acta Metallurgica
Sinica 2B (1989) 151-152.
Ag-Bi-Pb: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Good agreement of isothermal sections at 127 oC and 227 oC and of the
liquidus projection reported by G. Petzow, G. Effenberg, Ternary Alloys,
VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Vol.1, (1988), pp. 299-304 has been
achieved without use of ternary parameters.
Ag-Bi-Sn: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
COST 531 Lead-Free Solders, Atlas of phase diagrams for lead-free
soldering compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, A.
Zemanova, J. Vizdal, European Science Foundation, 2008.
Ag-Bi-Zn: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Satisfactory agreement of the isothermal section at 25 oC, the Ag-Bi.5Zn.5
section, and the liquidus projection reported by G. Petzow, G. Effenberg,
Ternary Alloys, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Vol.1, (1988),
pp. 335-340 has been achieved without use of ternary parameters.
Ag-Co-Pd: P.J.Spencer, The Spencer Group 2013.
Ag-Cr-Pd: P.J.Spencer, The Spencer Group 2013.
Ag-Cu-Fe: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
Calculations without use of ternary parameters give good agreement with the
isothermal section at 1207 oC reported by M. Arita, M. Tanaka, K.S. Goto,
M. Someno, Met. Trans. 12A (1981) 497-504, and with the section at
1550 oC presented by G. Petzow, G. Effenberg, Ternary Alloys, VCH
Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Vol.1, (1988), 557-562.
Ag-Cu-Ge: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the liquid and fcc phases to give
satisfactory agreement with the isothermal section at 500 oC and the liquidus
reported by G. Petzow, G. Effenberg, Ternary Alloys, VCH Verlags-
gesellschaft, Weinheim, Vol.1, (1988), 563-567.
Ag-Cu-In: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
COST 531 Lead-Free Solders, Atlas of phase diagrams for lead-free
soldering compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, A.
Zemanova, J. Vizdal, European Science Foundation, 2008.
Ag-Cu-Mg: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the liquid, bcc and hcp phases to
allow comparison of calculated phase equilibria with the isothermal section
at 400 oC and the Mg-rich liquidus reported by G. Petzow, G. Effenberg,
Ternary Alloys, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Vol.1, (1988), 585-
593. The agreement is moderate because the latter reference is not
consistent with presently accepted binary phase diagram information.
Ag-Cu-Mn: P.J.Spencer, The Spencer Group 2013.
Ag-Cu-Ni: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
COST 531 Lead-Free Solders, Atlas of phase diagrams for lead-free
soldering compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, A.
Zemanova, J. Vizdal, European Science Foundation, 2008.
Ag-Cu-Pb: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
COST 531 Lead-Free Solders, Atlas of phase diagrams for lead-free
soldering compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, A.
Zemanova, J. Vizdal, European Science Foundation, 2008.
Ag-Cu-Sb: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the liquid phase to give
reasonable agreement with the liquidus reported by G. Petzow,
G. Effenberg, Ternary Alloys, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Vol.2,
(1988), 29-30.
Ag-Cu-Sn: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
COST 531 Lead-Free Solders, Atlas of phase diagrams for lead-free
soldering compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, A.
Zemanova, J. Vizdal, European Science Foundation, 2008.
Ag-Cu-Ti: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the liquid and AgTi2 phases to
give satisfactory agreement with the isothermal sections between 700 and
1300 oC, and the liquidus projection reported by G. Petzow, G. Effenberg,
Ternary Alloys, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Vol.2, (1988), 55-59.
Ag-Cu-Zn: The assessment is valid for Zn concentrations from 0 to 50 at.% only.
The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
The calculated isothermal sections between room temperature and 600oC,
and the calculated liquidus, incorporating derived ternary parameters for the
liquid phase, are in good agreement with the corresponding figures
presented by G. Petzow, G. Effenberg, Ternary Alloys, VCH Verlags-
gesellschaft, Weinheim, Vol.2, (1988), 60-68. Enthalpies of mixing for
liquid alloys at 800 oC are also in satisfactory agreement with the
calorimetric measurements of V.T. Witusiewicz, U. Hecht, S. Rex,
F. Sommer, J. Alloys and Compounds 337 (2002) 189-201.
Ag-Fe-Mn: P.J.Spencer, The Spencer Group 2013.
Ag-Fe-Ni: P.J.Spencer, The Spencer Group 2013.
Ag-Fe-Pd: P.J.Spencer, The Spencer Group 2013.
Ag-Fe-Si: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the liquid phase to give good
agreement with the 1550oC isothermal section and the Ag0.341Fe0.659-Si
section as reported by G. Petzow, G. Effenberg, Ternary Alloys, VCH
Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Vol.2, (1988), 118-122.
Ag-Ge-Si: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Calculations of isothermal sections up to 800oC, selected isopleths, and the
ternary liquidus projection, without use of ternary parameters, give very
good agreement with the corresponding figures presented by G. Petzow,
G. Effenberg, Ternary Alloys, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Vol.2,
(1988), 211-221.
Ag-In-Pd: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
COST 531 Lead-Free Solders, Atlas of phase diagrams for lead-free
soldering compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, A.
Zemanova, J. Vizdal, European Science Foundation, 2008. The assessment is
based on experimental results from A. Zemanova, O. Semenova,
A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, K. Chandrasekaran, K.W. Richter, H. Ipser,
Intermetallics 15 (2007) 77-84.
Ag-In-Sb: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the liquid phase to give good
agreement with the Ag0.718In0.141Sb0.141-In0.5Sb0.5 section reported by
G. Petzow, G. Effenberg, Ternary Alloys, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft,
Weinheim, Vol.2, (1988), 306-307.
Ag-In-Sn: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
COST 531 Lead-Free Solders, Atlas of phase diagrams for lead-free
soldering compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, A.
Zemanova, J. Vizdal, European Science Foundation, 2008.
Ag-Ir-Pd: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
No ternary parameters are required to give excellent agreement with the
isothermal section at 1000oC presented by G. Petzow, G. Effenberg, Ternary
Alloys, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Vol.2, (1988), 326-327.
Ag-Mg-Zn: The assessment is valid for Ag concentrations greater than 50 at.% only
The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the fcc phase to give good
agreement with the 450 and 650oC isothermal sections reported by
G. Petzow, G. Effenberg, Ternary Alloys, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft,
Weinheim, Vol.2, (1988), 379-386.
Ag-Ni-Sn: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
COST 531 Lead-Free Solders, Atlas of phase diagrams for lead-free
soldering compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, A.
Zemanova, J. Vizdal, European Science Foundation, 2008. The assessed data
base strongly on the experimental results from C. Schmetterer, H. Flandorfer,
H. Ipser, Acta Materialia 56 (2008) 155-164.
Ag-Pb-Sb: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Good agreement with vertical sections at constant Ag content reported by
B.Blumenthal, Trans. AIME 156 (1944) 240-252, and with the partial
liquidus projection presented by G. Petzow, G. Effenberg, Ternary
Alloys, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Vol.2, (1988), 443-445, has
been achieved without use of ternary parameters.
Ag-Pb-Sn: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Good agreement with the isothermal section at 20oC reported by
A. Boettcher, G.Haase, R. Thun, Z. fuer Metallkunde 46 (1955) 386-400,
and with the partial Pb-rich liquidus projection presented by A. Prince,
D.S. Evans, J.I. McLeod, Publication Order 91638, 1989, has been achieved without use of ternary parameters.
Ag-Pb-Zn: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the liquid phase to give good
agreement with the liquidus projection and the Ag-Pb0.24Zn.76 section
reported by G. Petzow, G. Effenberg, Ternary Alloys, VCH Verlags-gesellschaft, Weinheim, Vol.2, (1988), 478-484.
Ag-Pd-Pt: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the liquid phase to give good
agreement with the liquidus projection reported by G. Petzow, G. Effenberg,
Ternary Alloys, VCH Verlags-gesellschaft, Weinheim, Vol.2, (1988),
485-487.
Ag-Pd-Rh: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
No ternary parameters are required to give satisfactory agreement with the
isothermal section at 25oC reported by A.A. Rudnitskii, A.N. Khotinskaya,
K.S. Duplik, Zhur. Fiz. Khim. 6 (1961) 830-836. The present data give
better agreement with the presently accepted binary phase diagrams.
Ag-Pd-Ru: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
No ternary parameters are required to calculate a similar isothermal section
to that reported by G. Petzow, G. Effenberg, Ternary Alloys, VCH Verlags-
gesellschaft, Weinheim, Vol.2, (1988), 489-490. However, the 2000oC
temperature given in that reference is thought to be erroneous and should
probably be 20oC. The phase equilibria presented are impossible for the
higher temperature. The present data also give better agreement with the
presently accepted binary phase diagrams.
Ag-Pd-Sn: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the liquid phase to give good
agreement with the calorimetric measurements made by C. Luef, A. Paul,
H. Flandorfer, A. Kodentsov, H. Ipser, J. Alloys and Compounds 391 (2005)
67-76. The liquidus projection has been calculated assuming negligible
solubility of Ag in the Pd-Sn compounds.
Ag-Pd-Ti: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
The isothermal section at 700oC has been calculated without use of ternary
parameters, assuming negligible solubility of Ag in the Pd-Ti compounds
and the absence of any ternary phases. The calculated section is in
reasonable agreement with the partial section reported by N.V. Ageeva,
Diagrammy Sostoyaniya Metallicheskikh Sistem, ed. N.V. Ageeva, Viniti,
Moscow, Vol. 21 (1975) pp. 92-93.
Ag-Sb-Sn: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009, and combines the experimental
phase diagram studies and ternary parameters reported by Sinn-Wenn Chen et
al., Met. Mat. Trans. 39A (2008) 3191-3198; 39A (2008) 3199-3209, with
assessed data for the binary systems from the SGTE Solution Database. The
calculated isothermal section at 250oC and the calculated liquidus, are in
good agreement with experimental observations.
Ag-Sn-Zn: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009, based largely on the experimental
phase diagram studies due to Vassilev et al., J. Alloys and Compounds 327
(2001) 285-291; 334 (2002) 182-186, and to Jao et al., Intermetallics 16
(2008) 463-469, and to the emf measurements of Karlhuber et al., J. Non-
Crystalline Solids 205-207 (1996) 421-424. Calculated isothermal sections
and thermodynamic properties are in very good agreement with the
experimental information.
Al-As-Au: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
The calculated isothermal section at 25oC incorporates no ternary parameters
and is in agreement with the figure reported by J. Kingbell, R. Schmid-
Fetzer, CALPHAD 13 (1989) 367-388.
Al-Au-Si: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
The calculated isothermal section at 1100oC incorporates ternary parameters
for the liquid phase and gives moderate agreement with G. Petzow,
G. Effenberg, Ternary Alloys, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Vol.3,
(1990), pp. 128-129. Calculations for other temperatures may be unreliable.
Al-Au-Sn: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
The calculated Al2Au-Sn section incorporates ternary parameters
for the liquid phase and gives good agreement with G. Petzow,
G. Effenberg, Ternary Alloys, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Vol.3,
(1990), pp. 130-134. Calculations for other compositions may be unreliable.
Al-Au-Ti: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
No attempt has been made to model solubility of 3rd elements in binary
compounds, but the assessment incorporates ternary parameters for the fcc
phase and derived data for the AlAuTi and AlAu2Ti phases, to enable
calculation of an isothermal section at 500oC, which is in modest agreement
with that presented by G. Petzow, G. Effenberg, Ternary Alloys, VCH
Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Vol.3, (1990), pp. 135-136. Calculations for
other temperatures may be unreliable.
Al-Cr-Ru: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is based largely on the work of
R. Süss, A. Watson, L.A. Cornish, D.N. Compton, J. Alloys and Compounds
October 2008, in press. However, in view of the uncertainty in experimental
information, only the BCC_B2 phase in the Al-Ru system has been modeled
here with a range of stoichiometry and the extension of this phase into the
ternary has been modified from that presented in the publication. Calculated
isothermal sections at 600 and 1000oC are in good agreement with
experimental phase diagram investigations.
Au-Bi-Sb: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
COST 531 Lead-Free Solders, Atlas of phase diagrams for lead-free
soldering compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, A.
Zemanova, J. Vizdal, European Science Foundation, 2008. The assessment is
based largely on the experimental results from D. Manasijevic, D. Minic,
D. Zivkovic, Z. Zivkovic, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 69 (2008) 847-851.
Au-Bi-Si: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the liquid phase to give calculated
phase equilibria which are in modest agreement with the experimental
liquidus and isopleth sections reported by B. Legendre, C. Hancheng,
Bull. Soc. Chim. de France (1) (1989) 53-57.
Au-Bi-Sn: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
No ternary parameters are required to achieve good agreement with the
liquidus, isothermal and isopleth sections presented by A. Prince,
G.V. Raynor, D.S. Evans, Phase Diagrams of Ternary Gold Alloys, The
Institute of Metals, London, (1990) pp. 168-175.
Au-Co-Cu: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the liquid and fcc phases to give
calculated phase equilibria which are in good agreement with the liquidus,
isothermal and isopleth sections presented by A. Prince, G.V. Raynor,
D.S. Evans, Phase Diagrams of Ternary Gold Alloys, The Institute of
Metals, London, (1990) pp. 203-206.
Au-Co-Ni: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the fcc phase to give a calculated
isothermal section at 900oC which is in very good agreement with that
presented by A. Prince, G.V. Raynor, D.S. Evans, Phase Diagrams of
Ternary Gold Alloys, The Institute of Metals, London, (1990) pp. 207-209.
Au-Co-Pd: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the fcc phase to give calculated
phase equilibria which, in view of the discrepancies in the experimental
information, are in satisfactory agreement with the liquidus, isothermal,
and isopleth sections presented by A. Prince, G.V. Raynor, D.S. Evans,
Phase Diagrams of Ternary Gold Alloys, The Institute of Metals, London,
(1990) pp. 210-215.
Au-Cu-Ni: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the liquid and fcc phases to give
calculated phase equilibria which are in good agreement with the liquidus,
isothermal, and isopleth sections presented by A. Prince, G.V. Raynor, D.S.
Evans, Phase Diagrams of Ternary Gold Alloys, The Institute of Metals,
London, (1990) pp. 226-234.
Au-Cu-Pb: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the liquid phase to give a
calculated liquidus in good agreement with that presented by A. Prince,
G.V. Raynor, D.S. Evans, Phase Diagrams of Ternary Gold Alloys, The
Institute of Metals, London, (1990) pp. 233-234.
Au-Cu-Sn: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008, based largely on the calorimetric
measurements of enthalpies of mixing for liquid alloys carried out by
S. Knott, Z. Li, A. Mikula, Thermochimica Acta 470 (2008) 12-17. The
ternary parameters derived by these authors for the liquid phase have been
incorporated in calculations of the liquidus projection for the system. The
assumption has been made that there is negligible solubility of 3rd elements
in binary compound phases.
Au-Fe-Ni: P.J.Spencer, The Spencer Group 2013.
Au-Ge-Si: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
No ternary parameters are required to calculate the liquidus projection and
isopleth sections in very good agreement with those presented by A. Prince,
G.V. Raynor, D.S. Evans, Phase Diagrams of Ternary Gold Alloys, The
Institute of Metals, London, (1990) pp. 274-276.
Au-In-Pb: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the liquid phase to give a
calculated liquidus and isopleth sections in good agreement with those
presented by A. Prince, G.V. Raynor, D.S. Evans, Phase Diagrams of
Ternary Gold Alloys, The Institute of Metals, London, (1990) pp. 288-295.
The assumption has been made that there is negligible solubility of 3rd
elements in binary compound phases.
Au-In-Sb: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
COST 531 Lead-Free Solders, Atlas of phase diagrams for lead-free
soldering compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, A.
Zemanova, J. Vizdal, European Science Foundation, 2008.
Au-In-Sn: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
COST 531 Lead-Free Solders, Atlas of phase diagrams for lead-free
soldering compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, A.
Zemanova, J. Vizdal, European Science Foundation, 2008. This is strongly
based on the work of G.Cacciamani, G. Borzone, A. Watson, CALPHAD
33 (2009) 17-22; 33 (2009) 100-108.
Au-Ir-Pd: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
No ternary parameters are required to calculate isothermal sections in very
good agreement with those presented by A. Prince, G.V. Raynor, D.S.
Evans, Phase Diagrams of Ternary Gold Alloys, The Institute of Metals,
London, (1990) pp. 303-307.
Au-Ir-Pt: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
No ternary parameters are required to calculate the 1100oC isothermal
section in good agreement with that presented by A. Prince, G.V. Raynor,
D.S. Evans, Phase Diagrams of Ternary Gold Alloys, The Institute of
Metals, London, (1990) p. 308.
Au-Mo-Pd: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the liquid and fcc phases to give
calculated isothermal sections at 1200 and 1450oC which can be compared
with the corresponding figures presented by A. Prince, G.V. Raynor,
D.S. Evans, Phase Diagrams of Ternary Gold Alloys, The Institute of
Metals, London, (1990) pp.314-317. Because divergent information has
been used for the Mo-Pd phase diagram, agreement between the two sets of
figures is only modest.
Au-Ni-Pd: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the fcc phase to allow calculation
of isopleth sections and a liquidus projection which can be compared with
those reported by A.T. Grigor’ev et al. Zhur. Neorg. Khim. 7 (1962) 570-
573 and by A. Prince, G.V. Raynor, D.S. Evans, Phase Diagrams of
Ternary Gold Alloys, The Institute of Metals, London, (1990) pp.320-323,
respectively. Because the published phase equilibria are not fully consistent
with more recently accepted binary phase diagram information, agreement
between the different sets of figures is only modest.
Au-Ni-Pt: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the fcc phase to allow calculation
of isothermal sections which are in very good agreement with those
presented by A. Prince, G.V. Raynor, D.S. Evans, Phase Diagrams of
Ternary Gold Alloys, The Institute of Metals, London, (1990) pp.321-331.
Au-Ni-Sn: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
COST 531 Lead-Free Solders, Atlas of phase diagrams for lead-free
soldering compiled by A.T. Dinsdale, A.Watson, A. Kroupa, J. Vrestal, A.
Zemanova, J. Vizdal, European Science Foundation, 2008.
Au-Pb-Si: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the liquid phase to allow
calculation of isothermal and isopleth sections which are in very good
agreement with those reported by B. Legendre, C. Hancheng, Bull. Soc.
Chim. De France, (1) (1988) pp.32-38, and by A. Prince, G.V. Raynor,
D.S. Evans, Phase Diagrams of Ternary Gold Alloys, The Institute of
Metals, London, (1990) pp.348-355.
Au-Pb-Sn: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the liquid phase to allow
calculation of isothermal, isopleth and liquidus sections which are in
satisfactory agreement with those presented by A. Prince, G.V. Raynor,
D.S. Evans, Phase Diagrams of Ternary Gold Alloys, The Institute of
Metals, London, (1990) pp.352-366.
Au-Pd-Pt: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
GTT (1997) and The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008, incorporating
present binary alloy data with ternary results for the fcc phase from
A. Forstreuter, based on Z. Metallkde, 46 (1955) Issue 7. There is very good
agreement with the isothermal and isopleth sections presented by A. Prince,
G.V. Raynor, D.S. Evans, Phase Diagrams of Ternary Gold Alloys, The
Institute of Metals, London, (1990) pp.372-374.
Au-Pd-Rh: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
No ternary parameters are required to calculate the isothermal section at
1000oC in very good agreement with A. Prince, G.V. Raynor,
D.S. Evans, Phase Diagrams of Ternary Gold Alloys, The Institute of
Metals, London, (1990) pp 375-378. Calculations for other temperatures
may be unreliable.
Au-Pd-Ru: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the fcc phase to allow
calculation of isothermal sections at 1200 and 1450oC, which are in very
good agreement with those presented by A. Prince, G.V. Raynor,
D.S. Evans, Phase Diagrams of Ternary Gold Alloys, The Institute of
Metals, London, (1990) pp.378-380.
Au-Pt-Rh: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
No ternary parameters are required to calculate isothermal and isopleth
sections which are in very good agreement with A. Prince, G.V. Raynor,
D.S. Evans, Phase Diagrams of Ternary Gold Alloys, The Institute of
Metals, London, (1990) pp 386-399.
Au-Pt-Ru: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
No ternary parameters are required to calculate the isothermal section at
1100oC in satisfactory agreement with the suggested diagram presented by
A. Prince, G.V. Raynor, D.S. Evans, PhaseDiagrams of Ternary Gold
Alloys, The Institute of Metals, London, (1990) p. 398. Calculations for other temperatures may be unreliable.
Au-Sb-Si: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the liquid phase to allow
calculation of isopleth and liquidus sections which are in satisfactory
agreement with those presented by A. Prince, G.V. Raynor, D.S. Evans,
Phase Diagrams of Ternary Gold Alloys, The Institute of Metals, London,
(1990) pp.403-411.
Au-Sb-Sn: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
Data have been derived to describe the solubility of AuSn2 in AuSb2 and
thereby enable calculation of the isothermal section at 250oC. In view of
differences in the melting temperature of AuSn4, the agreement with the
corresponding figure presented by A. Prince, G.V. Raynor, D.S. Evans,
Phase Diagrams of Ternary Gold Alloys, The Institute of Metals, London,
(1990) pp 411-413, is reasonable.
Au-Si-Sn: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008, based on assessed data from the
present and SGTE work for the binary systems, and using ternary parameters
given by F.G. Meng, H.S. Liu, L.B. Liu, Z.P. Jin, J. Alloys and Compounds
431 (2007) 292-297, for the liquid phase. There is good agreement between
the present calculated phase equilibria and those reported by Meng et al.
Co-Cu-Pd: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the liquid phase to allow
calculation of a liquidus section in good agreement with Y.A. Chang,
J.P. Neumann, A. Mikula, D. Goldberg, in Phase Diagrams and
Thermodynamic Properties of Ternary Copper-Metal Systems, Intl. Copper
Research Assocn., 1979, pp. 430-432, and isopleth sections in moderate
agreement with A.T. Grigor’ev, L.A. Panteleimonv, V.V. Kuprina,
L.I. Rybakova, Zhur. Neorg. Khim. 1 (1956) 1067-1073.
Co-Fe-Pd: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
No ternary parameters have been used in calculating a liquidus section in
reasonable agreement with that reported by V.V. Kuprina, A.T. Grigor’ev,
Zhur. Neorg. Khim. 4 (1959) 724-727. However, the compositional
variation of the published liquidus temperatures appears to be unrealistic in
several of the figures presented by the authors. The present assessment
should not be used in calculating ordering behaviour in solid alloys.
Co-Ni-Ru: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
No ternary parameters are required to calculate an isothermal section at
1000oC in very good agreement with that reported by N.V. Ageeva,
Diagrammy Sostoyaniya Metallicheskikh Sistem, Viniti, Moscow, Vol. 20,
(1974), pp. 218-219.
Cr-Ni-Pd: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the liquid phase to enable
calculation of a liquidus projection in reasonable agreement with that
reported by D.W. Rhys, R.D. Berry, Metallurgia 66 (1962) 255-263.
Cr-Ni-Ru: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the fcc, bcc, and hcp phases to
allow calculation of the liquidus projection and isothermal sections at 1000
and 1250oC, which are in satisfactory agreement with those proposed by
S. Chakravorty, D.R.F. West, Mat. Sci. Technol. 1 (1985) 249-254.
Cu-Fe-Pd: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the fcc phase to enable calculation
of the liquidus surface in satisfactory agreement with that presented by
Y.A. Chang, J.P. Neumann, A. Mikula, D. Goldberg, in Phase Diagrams
and Thermodynamic Properties of Ternary Copper-Metal Systems, Intl.
Copper Research Assocn., 1979, pp. 486-489. The present assessment
should not be used in calculating ordering behaviour in solid alloys.
Cu-Ni-Pd: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the fcc phase to enable calculation
of the liquidus surface and isothermal sections of the system in good
agreement with those presented by D.W. Rhys, R.D. Berry, Metallurgia 66
(1962) 255-263, and E. Raub, O. Loebich, W. Plate, H. Krill, Z. Metallkd.
62 (1971) 826-829, respectively. The present assessment should not be used
in calculating ordering behaviour in solid alloys.
Cu-Ni-Pt: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the fcc phase to enable calculation
of the liquidus surface, which taking into account the more recent binary
phase diagram information used in the present work, is in good agreement
with that presented by Y.A. Chang, J.P. Neumann, A. Mikula, D. Goldberg,
in Phase Diagrams and Thermodynamic Properties of Ternary Copper-Metal
Systems, Intl. Copper Research Assocn., 1979, pp. 594-596. The present
assessment should not be used in calculating ordering behaviour in solid
alloys.
Cu-Ni-Ru: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2008.
No ternary parameters have been used in calculating the 500oC isothermal
section in good agreement with that reported by M.V. Raevskaya, I.E.
Yanson, A.L. Tatarkina, I.G. Sokolova, J. Less Common Metals 132 (1987)
237-241. Calculations for other temperatures may be unreliable.
Dy-Fe-Pt: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
No ternary parameters have been used in combining the present assessments
of the Dy-Pt and Fe-Pt systems with the SGTE assessed data for the Dy-Fe
system to calculate the isothermal section at 900oC. This is in very good
agreement with the experimental results of M. Lei, G. Zhengfei, Z. Xiaping,
C. Gang, Z. Bo, X. Chengfu, J. Alloys and Compounds 427 (2007) 130-133.
Calculations for other temperatures may be unreliable.
Fe-Ir-Os: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
The isothermal sections reported by K.C. Harikumar, V. Raghavan, J. Alloy
Phase Diagrams, India, 5 (1989) 201-220, are inconsistent with more recent
binary phase diagram information. In view of the relative simplicity of the
ternary system, isothermal sections at 650 and 900oC have been calculated
without use of ternary parameters, to illustrate the likely phase equilibria.
However, the calculated diagrams may be unreliable.
Fe-Ir-Ru: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
The isothermal sections reported by K.C. Harikumar, V. Raghavan, J. Alloy
Phase Diagrams, India, 5 (1989) 201-220, are inconsistent with more recent
binary phase diagram information. In view of the relative simplicity of the
ternary system, isothermal sections at 650 and 900oC have been calculated
without use of ternary parameters, to illustrate the likely phase equilibria.
However, the calculated diagrams may be unreliable.
Fe-Ni-Pd: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
The liquidus projection reported by L.A. Panteleimonov, N.A. Birun,
D.N. Gubieva, Zhur. Neorg. Khim. 5 (1960) 793-794, shows improbable
compositional variation of the isotherms. The general form of the liquidus is
nevertheless reproduced by the present calculations, without use of ternary
parameters. The present assessment should not be used in calculating
ordering behaviour in solid alloys.
Fe-Ni-Pt: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
A simple model has been used to allow description of the ranges of existence
of the ordered (Fe,Ni)3Pt, (Fe,Ni)Pt, and (Fe,Ni)Pt3 phases in the ternary
system. The calculated phase equilibria at 600oC are in good agreement with
the diagram presented by G.T. Stevens, M. Hatherly, J.S. Bowles, J. Mat. Sci.
13 (1978) 499-504. Calculations for other temperatures may be unreliable.
Fe-Ni-Ru: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
No ternary parameters have been used in calculating the 1000oC isothermal
section in good agreement with that reported by A.S. Akopyan,
M.V. Raevskaya, I.G. Sokolova, E.M. Sokolovskaya, Vestn. Mosk. Univ.,
Khim. 29 (1974) 62-64. Calculations for other temperatures may be
unreliable.
Ir-Pd-Pt: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the fcc phase to enable calculation
of the 1400 oC isothermal section in very good agreement with that reported
by M.V. Raevskaya, V.V. Vasekin, I.G. Sokolova, J. Less Common Metals,
99 (1984) 137-142. Calculations for other temperatures may be unreliable.
Ir-Pd-Rh: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the fcc phase to enable calculation
of the 1400 oC isothermal section in very good agreement with that reported
by M.V. Raevskaya, V.V. Vasekin, I.G. Sokolova, J. Less Common Metals,
99 (1984) 137-142. Calculations for other temperatures may be unreliable.
Ir-Pt-Ru: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
No ternary parameters have been used in calculating the 1400oC isothermal
section in good agreement with that reported by M.V. Raevskaya,
V.V. Vasekin, Yu.I. Konobas, T.I. Chemieva, Vestn. Mosk. Univ., Khim.
39 (1984) 133-125. Calculations for other temperatures may be unreliable.
Ir-Rh-Ru: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
No ternary parameters have been used in calculating the 1400oC isothermal
section in good agreement with that reported by M.V. Raevskaya,
V.V. Vasekin, I.G. Sokolova, J. Less Common Metals, 99 (1984) 137-142.
Calculations for other temperatures may be unreliable.
Mo-Ni-Pd: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
The solubility of Pd in the MoNi4 and MoNi3 phases has been modelled to
enable calculation of the isothermal sections at 700 and 1000oC in good
agreement with those reported by M.V. Raevskaya, E.P. Lashuk,
E.F. Kazakova, I.G. Sokolova, J. Less Common Metals 99 (1984) L15-L16.
Mo-Pd-Rh: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from The Spencer Group
(Trumansburg), 2008, based strongly on the experimental phase diagram
results from J.O.A. Paschoal, H. Kleykamp, F. Thümmler, Z. Metallkunde
74 (1983) 652-664, from R. Gürler, J.N. Pratt, J. Nucl. Materials 186 (1991)
39, and the summarizing assessment work of M.H. Kaye, B.J. Lewis,
W.T. Thompson, J. Nucl. Materials 366 (2007) 8-27. The derived ternary
parameters for the fcc, bcc and hcp phases allow isothermal sections at
1100 and 1700oC be calculated, which are in good agreement with the
experimentally determined phase equilibria.
Mo-Pd-Ru: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from The Spencer Group
(Trumansburg), 2008, based strongly on the experimental phase diagram
results from J.O.A. Paschoal, H. Kleykamp, F. Thümmler, Z. Metallkunde
74 (1983) 652-664, from K. Naito, T. Tsuji, T. Matsui, A. Date, J. Nucl.
Materials 154 (1988) 3-13, and and the summarizing assessment work of
M.H. Kaye, B.J. Lewis, W.T. Thompson, J. Nucl. Materials 366 (2007) 8-
27. The derived ternary parameters for the fcc, bcc and hcp phases allow
isothermal sections at 1450 and 1700oC be calculated, which are in good
agreement with the experimentally determined phase equilibria.
Mo-Pd-Si: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from The Spencer Group
(Trumansburg), 2008. No ternary parameters have been used in calculating
the isothermal section at 700oC in good agreement with that reported by
M.V. Raevskaya, E.P. Lashuk, E.F. Kazakova, I.G. Sokolova, Vestn. Mosk.
Univ., Khim. 40 (1985) 69-73. Calculations for other temperatures may be
unreliable.
Mo-Pd-Tc: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from The Spencer Group
(Trumansburg), 2008. Ternary parameters have been derived for the liquid,
fcc, bcc and hcp phases to allow calculation of isothermal sections at 1527
and 1727oC. The assessment work is based on the somewhat uncertain
phase equilibria proposed by H.R. Haines, P.E. Potter, M.H. Rand, in
Thermodynamics of Nuclear Materials, Proc. Symp. IAEA Vienna, 1980,
Vol.1 pp. 471-501. In view of the incomplete binary phase diagram
information available to those authors, calculations using the present
assessed data are thought to provide somewhat more reliable information.
However, calculations for temperatures outside the 1527-1727oC range may
well be unreliable.
Mo-Rh-Ru: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from The Spencer Group
(Trumansburg), 2008, based strongly on the experimental phase diagram
results from J.O.A. Paschoal, H. Kleykamp, F. Thümmler, Z. Metallkunde
74 (1983) 652-664, from A.E. Dwight, D.R. O’Boyle, J. Nucl. Materials
136 (1985) 280-283, and the summarizing assessment work of M.H. Kaye,
B.J. Lewis, W.T. Thompson, J. Nucl. Materials 366 (2007) 8-27. The
derived ternary parameters for the fcc, bcc and hcp phases allow calculation
of the isothermal section at 1700oC in good agreement with the
experimentally determined phase equilibria. Calculations for other
temperatures may be less reliable.
Mo-Rh-Tc: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from The Spencer Group
(Trumansburg), 2009. Ternary parameters have been derived for the liquid
and bcc phases to allow calculation of isothermal sections at 1527 and
1927oC. The assessment work is based on the somewhat uncertain
phase equilibria proposed by H.R. Haines, P.E. Potter, M.H. Rand, in
Thermodynamics of Nuclear Materials, Proc. Symp. IAEA Vienna, 1980,
Vol.1 pp. 471-501. In view of the incomplete binary phase diagram
information available to those authors, calculations using the present
assessed data are thought to provide somewhat more reliable information.
However, calculations for temperatures outside the 1527-1927oC range may
well be unreliable.
Ni-Pd-Si: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Data have been derived for the compounds NiPd2Si and Ni18Pd7Si9 and
ternary parameters have been derived to describe the solution ranges of the
fcc, (Ni,Pd)3Si, (Ni,Pd)2Si, and (Ni,Pd)Si phases, to allow calculation of the
ternary section at 800oC in good agreement with that reported by
W. Wopersnow, K. Schubert, Z. Metallkde. 67 (1976) 807-810.
Calculations for other temperatures may be unreliable.
Pb-Pd-Sn: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from the 2008 Version of
the SGTE Solution Database.
Pd-Pt-Ru: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the hcp phase to allow
calculation of the isothermal section at 1400oC in good agreement with that
presented by M.V. Raevskaya, V.V. Vasekin, Yu.I. Konobas,
T.A. Chemieva, Vestn. Mosk. Univ., Khim. 39 (1984) 133-135.
Calculations for other temperatures may be unreliable.
Pd-Pt-Sn: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the liquid, fcc, (Pd,Pt)3Sn,
(Pd,Pt)2Sn, (Pd,Pt)3Sn2, (Pd,Pt)5Sn3, (Pd,Pt)Sn, and (Pd,Pt)Sn4 phases to
allow calculation of the isothermal sections at 400 and 1000oC in
reasonable agreement with those presented by K.L. Shelton,
P.A. Merewether, B.J. Skinner, Canadian Mineralogist 19 (1981) 599-605.
Pd-Pt-Ti: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
GTT-Technologies (Herzogenrath), 2004.
Pseudo-binary mixtures (Pd,Pt)3Ti and (Pd,Pt)Ti have been introduced
because of identical crystallographic data for the binary compounds. Ideal
behaviour is assumed. The resulting calculated isothermal section at 1000oC
is provided with this assessment, but the calculated phase equilibria may
not be reliable.
Pd-Rh-Ru: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
Ternary parameters have been derived for the liquid, fcc, and hcp phases to
enable calculation of the 1400 and 1700 oC isothermal sections in
reasonable agreement with the experimentally determined phase equilibria
reported by M.V. Raevskaya, V.V. Vasekin, I.G. Sokolova, J. Less
Common Metals, 99 (1984) 137-142, by J.O.A. Paschoal, H. Kleykamp,
F. Thümmler, Z. Metallkunde 74 (1983) 652-664 and in the summarizing
assessment work of M.H. Kaye, B.J. Lewis, W.T. Thompson, J. Nucl.
Materials 366 (2007) 8-27. Calculations for other temperatures may be
unreliable.
Pt-Rh-Ru: The thermodynamic assessment of the system is from
The Spencer Group (Trumansburg), 2009.
No ternary parameters are required to calculate the 1400 oC isothermal
section in good agreement with that reported by M.V. Raevskaya,
V.V. Vasekin, Yu.I. Konobas, T.A. Chemieva, Vestn. Mosk. Univ., Khim.
39 (1984) 133-135. Calculations for other temperatures may be unreliable.
Au-Pd-Pt-Sn: Quaternary parameters for the (Au,Pd,Pt)3Sn, (Au,Pd,Pt)Sn, and
(Au,Pd,Pt)Sn4 phases are from A. Forstreuter, private communication to
GTT-Technologies, 1997.